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・ Operation Glade
・ Operation Gladio
・ Operation Glory
・ Operation Gold
・ Operation Gold (disambiguation)
・ Operation Gold Ingot
・ Operation Golden Bird
・ Operation Golden Dragon
・ Operation Golden Fleece
・ Operation Golden Pheasant
・ Operation Golden Phoenix
・ Operation Goldeneye
・ Operation Goldflake
・ Operation Golding
・ Operation Good Guys
Operation Goodwood
・ Operation Goodwood (naval)
・ Operation Goodwood order of battle
・ Operation Goranboy
・ Operation Gordian Knot
・ Operation Goshen
・ Operation Gothic Serpent
・ Operation Gown
・ Operation Graffham
・ Operation Granby
・ Operation Grand Canyon with Dan Snow
・ Operation Grand Slam
・ Operation Grand Slam (disambiguation)
・ Operation Grange
・ Operation Grapes of Wrath


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Operation Goodwood : ウィキペディア英語版
Operation Goodwood

Operation Goodwood was a Second World War British offensive that took place between 18 and 20 July 1944 as part of the ongoing battle for Caen in Normandy, France. British VIII Corps, with three armoured divisions, launched the attack aiming to seize the German-held Bourguébus Ridge, along with the area between Bretteville-sur-Laize and Vimont, while also destroying as many German tanks as possible. Goodwood was preceded by preliminary attacks dubbed the Second Battle of the Odon. On 18 July, British I Corps conducted an advance to secure a series of villages and the eastern flank of VIII Corps. On VIII Corps's western flank, Canadian II Corps launched a coordinated attack—codenamed Operation Atlantic—aimed at capturing the remaining German-held sections of the city of Caen south of the Orne River.
When Operation Goodwood ended on 20 July, the armoured divisions had broken through the initial German defences and had advanced seven miles before coming to a halt in front of the Bourguébus Ridge, with armoured cars having penetrated even further south and over the ridge. The objective of the operation was a limited attack to secure Caen and the Bourguébus Ridge beyond, pinning German formations in the eastern region of the Normandy beachhead. This prevented German forces disengaging and moving south to confront US forces in their breakout operation, Operation Cobra, which began on 25 July.〔 At least one historian has called the operation the largest tank battle that the British Army has ever fought.
==Background==

The historic Normandy town of Caen was a D-Day objective for the British 3rd Infantry Division, which landed on Sword Beach on 6 June 1944.〔Williams, p. 24〕 The capture of Caen, while "ambitious", was called the most important D-Day objective assigned to Lieutenant-General Crocker's I Corps. Operation Overlord called for Second Army to secure the city and then form a front line from Caumont-l'Éventé–south-east of Caen, to acquire space for airfields and to protect the left flank of the United States First Army, while it moved on Cherbourg.〔Ellis, p. 78〕 Possession of Caen and its surroundings would give Second Army a suitable staging area for a push south to capture Falaise, which could be used as the pivot for a swing left, to advance on Argentan and then towards the Touques River.〔Ellis, p. 81〕 The terrain between Caen and Vimont was especially promising, being open, dry and conducive to swift offensive operations. Since the Allied forces greatly outnumbered the Germans in tanks and mobile units, transforming the battle into a more fluid fast-moving battle was to their advantage.〔Van-Der-Vat, p. 146〕
Hampered by congestion in the beachhead which delayed the deployment of its armoured support, and forced to divert effort to attack strongly held German positions along the route to the town, the 3rd Division was unable to assault Caen in force and was stopped short of the outskirts.〔Wilmot, pp. 284–286〕 Follow-up attacks were unsuccessful as German resistance solidified; abandoning the direct approach, Operation Perch—a pincer attack by I Corps and XXX Corps—was launched on 7 June, with the intention of encircling Caen from the east and west.〔Ellis, p. 247〕〔Forty, p. 36〕 I Corps, striking south out of the Orne bridgehead, was halted by the 21st Panzer Division and the attack by XXX Corps bogged down in front of Tilly-sur-Seulles, west of Caen, in the face of stiff opposition from the Panzer Lehr Division.〔〔Ellis, p. 250〕 To force Panzer Lehr to withdraw or surrender and keep operations fluid, the 7th Armoured Division pushed through a gap in the German front line and tried to capture the town of Villers-Bocage in the German rear.〔Ellis, p. 254〕〔Taylor, p. 10〕 The resulting day-long battle saw the vanguard of the 7th Armoured Division withdraw from the town but by 17 June, Panzer Lehr had been forced back and XXX Corps had taken Tilly-sur-Seulles.〔Taylor, p. 76〕〔Forty, p. 97〕 The British were forced to abandon plans for further offensive operations, including a second attack by the 7th Armoured Division, when on 19 June a severe storm descended upon the English Channel.〔Ellis, p. 255〕 The storm, which lasted for three days, significantly delayed the Allied build-up.〔Williams, p. 114〕 Most of the landing craft and ships already at sea were driven back to ports in Britain; towed barges and other loads (including of floating roadways for the Mulberry harbours) were lost; and were left stranded on the Normandy beaches, until the next high tides in July.〔Wilmot, p. 322〕
Having taken a few days to make good the deficiencies caused by the storm, on 26 June the British launched Operation Epsom. The newly arrived VIII Corps, under Lieutenant-General Sir Richard O'Connor, was to strike to the west of Caen southwards across the Odon and Orne rivers, capture an area of high ground near Bretteville-sur-Laize and thus encircle the city.〔Clark, pp. 31–32〕 The attack was preceded by Operation Martlet, to secure the VIII Corps flank by capturing high ground on the right of the axis of advance.〔Clark, p. 21〕 Although the Germans managed to contain the offensive, to do so they were obliged to commit all their available strength, including two panzer divisions just arrived in Normandy, earmarked for an offensive against British and American positions around Bayeux.〔Hart, p. 108〕〔Reynolds (2002), p. 13〕〔Wilmot, p. 334〕 Several days later, the Second Army made another bid to gain possession of Caen by frontal assault, codenamed Operation Charnwood.〔 As a prelude Operation Windsor, a postponed attack to capture the airfield at Carpiquet just outside Caen, was mounted.〔Jackson, p. 60〕 By 9 July Charnwood had succeeded in taking northern Caen up to the Orne and Odon rivers but German forces retained possession of the south bank and a number of important locations, including the Colombelles steel works, whose tall chimneys commanded the area.〔Williams, p. 131〕〔Bercuson, p. 222〕〔Trew, p. 53〕

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